Energy Consumption and Economic Activity

Energy Consumption and Economic Activity Abstract Nowadays, most analysts agree that energy is crucial for the global economic output, as it constitutes the backbone of international economy. Global trade, industry and ultimately our current lifestyle could not be maintained without it. As the world economy improves and new opportunities are created, it is expected that energy demand will increase significantly in the future. In recent decades, its significant role is understood by a lot of business sectors and academics, who investigate systematically the relationship between energy and economic development. The objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic activity. More specifically, in the first part of the study the basic goal is the brief presentation of the indices that will be used to define and understand the term of economic growth and the contribution of energy in the process of economic development, and the second part presents the panel data econometric investigation of statistical package Stata with a view to investigate the existence or non existence of a causal relationship between the variable energy consumption and economic growth. The empirical analysis is performed along a check. Specifically, the set of test examines whether the consumption of electricity affects economic growth. The analysis focuses on a specific sample of countries comprising the 28 member states of the European Union. In addition it is significant to underline that for this econometric approach the economic development will be expressed through the human development index (HDI for consecutive years from 2010 to 2014), which is the most widely used measure o f development, while in terms of energy, the variable is the per capita electricity consumption (EPC for consecutive years from 2010 to 2014). While there is a long tradition in economics of development, in the last few years the term economic development has become part of our daily lives. Sustainable, green, urban, regional are just some of the characterizations weve seen, in various publications, articles, books and statements of personalities of the political, economic and academic space, to accompany the development. What do we mean by economic development and why the last few years it has gained so much importance? Its not easy to give a comprehensive and clear answer to the questions above. To get to the definition of the term development, it is good to begin from the examination of another term, that of growth. There are not few those who confuse the two terms. However, it is important to stress that the two terms are not identical. While so, when we look at the economic growth the focus of attention is directed at a very specific variable, the GDP(Gross Domestic Product), the study of economic growth it is difficult to focus on only one factor. The difficulty in this lies in the multidimensional nature of economic development as a concept. So according to all of the above, the concept of economic development is a changing, dynamic concept with a strong element of progression. This fact makes difficult the precise definition of. However, the diversification of the economic growth is evident. Indicators to measure the Development Of The measurement of development and in particular sustainable ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃâ€¦ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š3, as has been mentioned above is a challenge due to the multidimensional and dynamic nature of the.The investigation and measurement of development requires a series of indicators that touch the economic, social, environmental and institutional sphere in order to form an overall picture of the level of the country under consideration. Human Development Index Through the official page of the United Nations, and, more specifically, the first Report on Human Development introduced for the first time a new index for measuring development, the Human Development Index (Hyman Development Index). This indicator comprises three individual indices: life expectancy, educational attainment and income. Life expectancy is calculated with the average life expectancy at birth of an individual, the level of education sums the adult proportion of the population that knows the bible and the enrollment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education and end the income represented by the real GDP per capita. The prices of the hdi range in a scale with the lowest point of the zero and superior to the unit and is essentially the non-weighted numeric average of the three above indicators. The gradient on the basis of which separate the countries according to the values of the following Countries of High Human Development The importance of the index and the contribution of a marker was decisive, since by the time that was put at the disposal of economists is perhaps the most popular indicator for measuring development. Europe and Economic Development The European Union acting as a single market consisting of 28 countries, has evolved into a global trading power. Covering only 7 % of the worlds population, the EUs trade with the rest of the world, nearly 20% of total world exports and imports. Important part of this commercial success is due to the free movement of goods within the European borders, after two-thirds of the total trade of EU countries is with other countries of the European Union . The economic displacement is indisputable if one takes into account that the GDP is now larger than that of the united states (Page, 2014). Despite the fact that the European Union is challenged in the last few years from a severe recession , the efforts for a closer cooperation between the member create hopes for new, innovative and environmentally friendly investment projects that will create the right conditions for lasting development and prosperity. The above data demonstrate a robust economy Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãâ€žÃâ€°ÃŽ ½Ãâ€žÃŽ ±Ãâ€š equally good performance in terms of the level not only of quantitative but also of qualitative variables of economic development. Seeing a total of the scores of the table hdi, the countries of the European Union seems to indicate a high score. However, this observation is only one side of the coin. A careful reading of this index indicates variations in prices between states, and between the different regions within the same country. In accordance with the Table these differences are apparent by creating the following groups of countries: The Nordic countries (Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Finland, Denmark), the English-speaking (Uk, Ireland) and the countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland) to create a set of countries with a head start in terms of GDP per capita. The countries of Southern Europe (Spain, Portugal, Ital y, Greece, Cyprus, Malta) are the second group of countries, introducing a lag in the per capita GDP in relation to the leading countries of Northwestern Europe. Finally, the countries of Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia ), Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) as well as Romania and Bulgaria are significantly lower prices with regard to GDP per capita. As we have seen in this chapter the measurement of growth is carried out through a series of indicators. Eu and energy The concept of energy is inextricably linked with the European Union. Wouldnt it be excessive if it is supported it is one that the current european edifice owes its existence to the energy and the importance of the role of the wider region. Production, consumption and structure of energy in Europe  in accordance with the table below, the gross inland energy consumption in the European Union in 2012, appears to show a slight fall of 1% in relation to the measurements of   2011. The consumption of petroleum (crude oil and other products/petroleum derivatives) still has a leading role in the European economy, while natural gas has established itself as the second most important source of energy. The solid fossil fuels (e.x. coal, lignite) are losing more and more ground in the pie of energy resources, soil, winning the renewable energy sources which are currently in the last place in the table. The advantage over the RES still retains the nuclear energy which is the pre-last option of the Europeans in terms of energy sources. On the other hand, the primary energy production in the European territory remains unchanged over the last two years to 33 million TJ (Tera Joule). The predictions, however, regarding the future rates of energy production are not particularly favorable, as well as decreasing trends are observed in the production of oil, natural gas, solid fossil fuels and nuclear energy. A positive evolution is taking place in the part of the RES, where it is observed only an increase in the production of energy by 9%. The greatest reductions are detected in order to oil products and natural gas. Nuclear energy in spite of the reductions that were initiated in the last years, still represents the largest source of primary energy production in the European Union. Finally, the hesitant entrance of non-renewable waste in the table remains almost unnoticed, with a rate that does not exceed 2%. Observing ones tables understands easily the main points of concern of European leaders with regard to energy issues. The structure of final energy consumption in each country and the overall European rates in accordance with the table attest to the increased energy needs for oil and natural gas. The board, in turn, confirms the difficulty of Europe in responding to the coverage of energy needs. This gap arises in the energy balance is covered through the import of energy. The investigation happened in the first chapter, set some basic foundations for the understanding of the term economic development and for the importance of the factor energy in the context of the economy. Also in the previous chapter reference was made to the level of economic development in the European area (in terms of quantitative but also the qualitative side of development) and a brief review of the energy strategy of Europe in matters of energy production and consumption , composition of resources, but also the problem of energy dependence, mainly from Russia. The focus of interest in the European area that was in the first section followed by an empirical analysis in order to examine the possibility of a small the larger relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. More specifically, the second part consists of a brief econometric investigation which will be carried out through the statistical program STATA, in order to examine the possibility of a relationship of causality between economic growth and energy consumption. In other words, in this section, the main objective is to examine whether the energy consumption affects economic growth. More specifically, the second part consists of a brief econometric investigation which will be carried out through the statistical program STATA, in order to examine the possibility of a relationship of causality between economic growth and energy consumption. In other words, in this section, the main objective is to examine whether the energy consumption affects economic growth. Variables: In most studies of this kind of economic development are examined through a particular pointer that is none other than the GDP. In the first part, made specific reference to the different meaning of the term economic development and economic growth, where it was noted that the GDP as an indicator is suitable for measurement of growth but insufficient for measuring development. So in this analysis, the economic growth will be expressed through the human development index (HDI for years 19952010)11, which is the most popular indicator for measuring development. In terms of energy, the first variable is the per capita consumption of electricity (kilowatt hour/capita for the years 19952010) 12, and the second is the per capita natural gas consumption (cubic meter/capita for the years 1995 2010) As it   has been pointed out above, until today, the existing empirical findings on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is not characterized by uniformity. This is because the econometric approach, time periods and the sample of countries analyzed in each survey vary significantly. the results of The econometric study suggest that there is no causal relationship between energy consumption (per capita electricity consumption and per capita consumption of natural gas) and the index of human development for the countries of the European Territory(with the exception of Cyprus and Malta). At this point, we should mention the limitations that existed in the econometric investigation. The econometric analysis ideally would be in the data/observations of at least 30 consecutive years(19802010). Most countries, however, are characterized by incomplete statistics, during the period from 1980 to the early 90s, which limited the possibilities of analysis on data/ observations 16 consecutive years (19952010). Finally, the application of the above econometric analysis variables and the consumption of energy derived from renewable energy sources is an interesting option for future research, as well as the existing statistical data for the use of renewable energy sources is not enough. Also, the application of the analysis in most of the development indicators would offer a more integrated position.

The Jesus I Never Knew

What takes place when an esteemed Christian journalist chooses to put his presumptions aside and take a long look at the Jesus depicted in the Gospels? How does the Jesus of the New Testament measure up to the †new, rediscovered Jesus — or even the Jesus we suppose we know so well? In The Jesus I Never Knew, Yancey delved into the life of Jesus, as he elucidates, â€Å"‘from below,' to come to terms with as best I can what it must have been like to observe in person the extraordinary events unfolding in Galilee and Judea† as Jesus journeyed and taught. In fact, he stumbled on himself further and further detached from the person of Jesus, diverted in its place by flannel-graph figures and scholarly assessment. He single-mindedly used his journalistic flair to approach Jesus, in the perspective of time, surrounded by the context of history. Yancey investigates three essential questions: who Jesus was, why he came, and what he left behind. Step by step, scene by scene, Yancey explores the culture into which Jesus was born and matured to adulthood; his moral fiber and calling; his teachings and miracles; and his legacy not just as the historical account explained it, but as he himself planned it to be. This book by Philip Yancey is faith-building look at Jesus' life–his family, his teachings, the miracles, and his death and resurrection. Phillip Yancey says, â€Å"The Jesus I got to know in writing this book is very different from the Jesus I learned about in Sunday school. † In a number of ways he is more reassuring; in some ways more startling. Yancey puts forward a fresh and singular perspective on the life of Christ and who he was and why he came. Linking the gospel events to the human race and our cosmos that we live in today, The Jesus I Never Knew provides a poignant and invigorating description of the preeminent figure of history. With an eagerness to undertake the complex matters in the Gospels, Yancey comes across at the uncompromising words of this itinerant Jewish carpenter and inquires whether we are taking him earnestly enough in our own day and age. According to Yancey, â€Å"No one who meets Jesus ever stays the same. †

The Characteristics of How to Write a Outline for a Research Paper

The Characteristics of How to Write a Outline for a Research Paper The ideal way to acquire a comprehension of the APA outline format is to have a look at examples. Irrespective of why you would like to begin a podcast, you are going to have to determine which basic format to use. Some instructors might need you to do an outline working with a decimal format. The total sentence outline format is fundamentally the exact same as the Alphanumeric outline. In that situation, you may want to use blank outline templates since there are an amazing many possible uses for outlines in general. The perfect way to compose an outline whenever you are in hurry is to take advantage of blank outline template. If you have to turn in your outline ahead of starting your paper, you may also have to incorporate a list of references that you intend to use. There's a second outline type an official outline. An outline is a huge aid whenever you're attempting to amalgamate and assess the research paper, since it enables you to see certain links between different places, whilst making sure you don't repeat yourself. Your selection of an appropriate research subject is often determined by whether it's the case that you're interested in reading or investigating. On the flip side, it shouldn't be so broad that some resources would outweigh the info you could squeeze into one paper. Nevertheless, when students ask how to compose a research paper there's set of steps that was shown to be effective and beneficial. What Everybody Dislikes About How to Write a Outline for a Research Paper and Why Becoming able to compose an essay is a crucial part of any educational system, but simply listing ideas in a linear fashion might not always be sufficient. Dan Carlin's Hardcore History podcast is just one of my favourite things to obey. So you wish to compose a fantasy novel. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for How to Write a Outline for a Research Paper You might also state what sort of approach it is you'll use in your paper for the whole discussion of your topic. If you're just like me and seem to begin working on the expression paper a day or two before the deadline, you will adore the article. You may have to conduct an extra research if you find any shortcomings in your paper. You might also want to suggest additional research or comment on things that it wasn't possible that you discuss in the paper. Along with stating an opposite opinion, it's essential to write about why and how it's different and what makes you disagree with this. Your attitude to the topic may well decide on the amount of work and enthusiasm which you put into your research. After you've already decided what topic you'll be writing about, the following thing you need to pay attention to is the reach of your paper or what you are going to be including in your discussion. One of the primary grounds for that is an absence of conventions and architectural standards. The Debate Over How to Write a Outline for a Research Paper An outline can help you organize your principal suggestions and determine the order in which you're likely to write about them. You're stuck in the center, looking back on the bachelor but still looking to the health care provider. Until it starts to look right. How to Write a Outline for a Research Paper: No Longer a Mystery You're a master educator, but you are likely administratin g education instead of administering education. In most instances, you will likely not have to incorporate an outline by means of your paper unless your instructor specifically requires one. You're an expert, but not quite the greatest expert. When it can be useful to have a look at online guides for APA outline format, it's important first and foremost to follow along with the guidelines your instructor has provided. In case the error appears to have been caused by means of a scope issue, we should make certain our function is declared at a location where its scope chain should incorporate the outer scope that comprises the declaration of the variable we want to access. A working outline gives you the capacity to shape your paper in connection with your purpose in writing and to get a better mastery of the relationship among the numerous sections. If you're writing a background synthesis, in some instances it might be appropriate that you offer you an interpretation of the material or have a position (thesis). For instance, a database design could possibly be prototype-d and tested to test it supports efficient data access for the most frequent user queries.

Characters In Harrison Bergeron - 739 Words

Have you ever been told you can’t do something because you are too qualified? In Vonnegut’s short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† this is what America has turned into in 2081. Vonnegut uses characters in his story to show the effects of a truly â€Å"equal† society with what happens when they want everyone equal and what happens to some of their health. Some of the characters he uses are Harrison, George, and the ballerinas. In the short story, Harrison is used to showing what happens when you aren’t like the others in other words â€Å"average†. Harrison is forced to wear weights, glasses, earphones, rubber nose, and teeth caps that try to handicap him so that he is â€Å"average†. â€Å"Instead of a little ear radio for a mental handicap, he wore a†¦show more content†¦This is very detrimental to his and everyone that wears ones health. This cause hearing damage, and no sleep from constantly blaring noises. The effects could go as far as making them deaf which at that point the government would put cochlear implants to make you hear because not being hearing would mean that you are different and not â€Å"normal†. The last example would be the ballerinas. The ballerinas have experienced what it’s like to try to be in sports in a society that you are meant to be equal in. There is no competition or individuality. No competition means that there will be no drive to become better than the others. Also, no individuality means there was nobody prettier than the other girls, and nobody was better than anybody else â€Å"She must have been extraordinarily beautiful because the mask she wore was hideous. And it was easy to see that she was the strongest and most graceful of all the dancers, for her handicap bags were as big as those worn by two-hundred-pound men.†(95-99) â€Å"Harrison plucked the mental handicap from her ear snapped off her physical handicaps with marvelous delicacy. Last, of all, he removed her mask. She was blindingly beautiful.†(160-162)This all will affect their health too. How they stopped the girls from being any better than anyone was with more weights so that it would be harder to do ballet also very bad for their joints and their muscles becauseShow MoreRelatedHarrison Bergeron Character Analysis756 Words   |  4 PagesThe Virtue of Virtuosity â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut is about a fictional time in the future where everyone is forced to wear handicapping devices to ensure that everyone is equal. As the story begins, George and Hazel Bergeron are sitting on the couch watching television. George is intellectually superior so every few seconds a raucous noise is played in his ear to keep him from being able to hold a consistent thought, which happens continuously throughout the story. This system ofRead MoreHarrison Bergeron, by Kurt Vonnegut Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pages Harrison Bergeron is a story written by Kurt Vonnegut. 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The government in each of these stories has ways of overpowering their citizens, which is why Tris, the main character in Divergent, and Harrison, the main character in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† rebelRead MoreSimilarities Between Harrison Bergeron And Fahrenheit 451904 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Harrison Bergeron† and Fahrenheit 451 Comparison Essay If you have ever read the stories â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† and Fahrenheit 451 I’m sure you would recognize the similarities and differences between the two. For example, one of the similarities between the books would be how the main characters from Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag and Mildred Montag are very similar to the main characters Harrison and Hazel from â€Å"Harrison Bergeron.† The other example of similarity between the two stories would be howRead MoreThe Subject Of `` Harrison Bergeron By Kurt Vonnegut1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe subject of â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut is equality. 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